Regular physical activity across all ages and abilities – including aerobic movement, muscle strengthening activities and reduced sedentary behaviour – should be promoted for everyone, in line with WHO guidance. Clinical practice: y WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (8) Service delivery and care pathways: y Promoting physical activity through primary health care: a toolkit (9) y Promoting physical activity for older people: a toolkit for action (10) y WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care (11) Public health and policy: y Tackling NCDs: best buys and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (12)

y This recommendation aligns with the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (47), and reinforces the value of aerobic and resistance training across the life course. y One of WHO’s recommended ‘best buys’ for NCD prevention is to implement sustained, population-wide, best-practice communication campaigns to promote physical activity, with links to community-based programmes and environmental improvements to enable and support behaviour change (5). y This recommendation is also consistent with the strong physical activity recommendation in the WHO mhGAP guideline for people living with dementia, which recommends physical activity three to four times per week, 30–45 minutes per session, for 12 weeks or longer (33). y Programmes should prioritize aerobic or multimodal exercise, tailored to individual capacity and preference. y Activities should be integrated into broader community-based or primary care interventions for healthy ageing. y Local adaptation may be necessary for LMIC, where resource constraints or cultural barriers may affect uptake. y Social engagement and structured delivery (e.g. group classes and walking groups) may enhance adherence and effectiveness.